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A seminar on the chemistry of paracetamol

 

Table Of Contents


Cover page i
Dedication ii
Acknowledgement iii
Tables of Content iv
Abstract vi
1.0

Chapter ONE


1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 What is Acetaminophen? 2
1.3 History of Paracetamol 3
1.4 Physical Properties of Paracetamol 5

2.0

Chapter TWO


2.1 Laboratory preparation of Paracetamol 7
2.1.1 From Phenol 7
2.1.2 From Nitrobenzene 8
2.1.3 From Para NitroChloroBenzene 8
2.2 Structure Elucidation 9
2.2.1 Formation of 4-hydroxy-N-carboxylalanine 9
2.2.2 Formation of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinoneimine (NAPQI) 10
2.2.3 Titration with Ammonium cerium(iv)sulphate 10
2.3 Drug-Drug Interaction 11

3.0

Chapter THREE


3.1 Dosage 13
3.2 Adverse effect of paracetamol 13
3.3 Uses of paracetamol 15
3.3.1. Fever and body temperature 15
3.3.2 Inflammation 16
3.3.3 Platelet aggregation 17

4.0

Chapter FOUR


4.1 Conclusion 18
References 19


Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Paracetamol, also known as acetaminophen, is a widely used over-the-counter medication for pain relief and reducing fever. Despite its common usage, the chemistry of paracetamol is complex and understanding its mechanisms of action is crucial for optimizing its therapeutic effects and minimizing potential side effects. This seminar aims to explore the various aspects of paracetamol chemistry, including its synthesis, structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and interactions with biological systems. The synthesis of paracetamol involves several key steps, starting from the reaction of p-aminophenol with acetic anhydride to produce the final product. Understanding the synthetic pathways and the role of different reagents is essential for ensuring the purity and quality of the drug. Moreover, investigating the crystal structure of paracetamol can provide insights into its physical properties and behavior under different conditions. In terms of structure-activity relationships, studying the molecular structure of paracetamol and its analogs can help in designing more potent and selective drugs. By modifying specific functional groups or chemical moieties, researchers can fine-tune the pharmacological properties of paracetamol to enhance its efficacy or reduce toxicity. Metabolism plays a critical role in the pharmacokinetics of paracetamol, with the drug being primarily metabolized in the liver through conjugation with sulfate and glucuronide. However, under certain conditions, such as overdose or in individuals with compromised liver function, paracetamol can undergo oxidative metabolism, leading to the formation of toxic intermediates. Understanding the metabolic pathways and identifying potential biomarkers can aid in monitoring drug safety and developing personalized treatment strategies. Furthermore, exploring the interactions of paracetamol with enzymes and receptors in the body can shed light on its mechanisms of action and potential drug-drug interactions. For example, the inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes by paracetamol is believed to contribute to its analgesic and antipyretic effects. Investigating the binding kinetics and specificity of paracetamol towards its molecular targets can unveil novel therapeutic opportunities and guide the development of new drug formulations. In conclusion, this seminar will provide a comprehensive overview of the chemistry of paracetamol, highlighting its synthesis, structure-activity relationships, metabolism, and pharmacological mechanisms. By delving into these aspects, researchers and healthcare professionals can gain a deeper understanding of this commonly used medication and leverage this knowledge to improve patient care and drug development strategies.

Thesis Overview

Introduction:

N-acylated aromatic amines (those having an acyl group, RCO- substituted on nitrogen) are important in over-the-counter headache remedies. Over-the-counter drugs are those you may buy without a prescription. Acetanilide, phenacetin, and acetaminophen are mild analgesics and antipyretics and are important, along with aspirin, in many non-prescription drugs.

The discovery that acetanilide was an effective antipyretic came about by accident in 1886. At the University of Strassburg, Professor Kussmaul, of the Department of Internal Medicine, asked two assistants to give naphthalene as a treatment for intestinal worms. Cahn and Hepp, who had been testing naphthalene as a possible vermifuge (an agent that expels worms) by accident, mixed up a bottle of acetanilide and the bottle of naphthalene. The patient’s worms didn’t disappear but his fever did – dramatically. In another instance of serendipity, it was soon in production and remained in use for several years because it was so cheap to produce. However, it had a serious side effect involving the deactivation of some of the hemoglobin in red blood cells. However, restrictions have been placed on its use due to kidney damage in long-term users. The publication of Cahn and Hepp describing their experiments with acetanilide caught the attention of Carl Duisberg, director of research at the Bayer Company in Germany. Duisberg was confronted



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