Home / Chemical engineering / Glycerine recovery from spent soap lye 2 chemical

Glycerine recovery from spent soap lye 2 chemical

 

Table Of Contents


Title page                                                                       i

Letter of Transmittal                                                     ii

Approval page/certification                                           iii

Approval page                                                                 iv

Dedication                                                                       v

Acknowledgement                                                           vi

Abstract                                                                         vii

Table of Contents                                                           viii

List of Figures/Tables                                                   xii

Definition of Terms/Nomenclature                                       xiii

Chapter ONE

   

1.0      Introduction                                                          1

1.1 Background of the study                                         1

1.2 Statement of the problem                                         4

1.3 Scope and limitation of the study                           6

1.4 Purpose/aim/objectives of the study                       6

1.5 Method of Research                                                 7

1.6 Significance of the study                                         8

Chapter TWO

2.0             Literature Review                                           10

2.01         History of glycerine                                         13

2.02         Lye clarification                                             16

2.03         Recovery of glycerine from spent lye             25

2.04         Twitchel process                                             38

2.05         Autoclave saponification                               48

2.06         Lime saponification                                         49

2.07         Acid saponification                                 52

2.08         Aqueous saponifictaion                                 54

2.09         Splitting fats with ferments                           55

2.10         Krebitz porcess                                               59

2.11         Distillation of fatty acids                               62

2.12         Glycerol detection and estimation                 66

2.13         Glycerine as a by-product of soap

manufacture                                                    75

2.14         Process description of soap production 78

2.15         Process summary                                           79

2.16         Step 1:     oil preparation                               79

2.17         Ion exchange                                                 81

2.18         Soap removal                                                 82

2.19         Composition of glycerine production             83

2.20         Physical properties of glycerine                     87

2.21         Chemical properties of glycerine                   88

2.22         Sources and types of lipids                             90

2.23         Distinction between fats and oils                   91

2.24         Uses of glycerine                                             93

2.25         Major types of saponification                         95

2.26         Separation of glycerine and free fatty acid   99

2.27         Quantifying the phosphoric acid to be used 100

2.28         Metabolism                                                     102

2.29         Application of glycerine in food                     103

2.30         Application of glycerine in urethane polymers 104

2.31           Application of glycerine in drugs and cosmetics 104

2.32         Application of glycerine as a lubricant.         106

2.33         Application of glycerine in snuffs                   106

2.34         Other uses of glycerine                                   107

2.35         Hyper osmotic effects                                     108

2.36         Basic raw material for flycerine production. 108

Chapter THREE

3.0     Experimental Procedure                                         111

3.01 The Saponification Process                                     112

3.02 Splitting Method                                                     115

3.03 Determination of the viscosity of Glycerine           116

3.04 Titration                                                                 117

3.05 Percentage Free Alkaline (FCA)                             118

3.06 Bleaching of Crude Glycerine                               119

Chapter FOUR

4.0     Experimental Result and Analysis                         121

Chapter FIVE

5.0     Discussion                                                             128

5.1 Conclusion                                                               128

5.2 Recommendation                                                     129

References                                                             131

Appendices                                                             132

LIST OF FIGURES/TABLE

Table 2.0:       Properties of glycerine                           87

Table 2.1:       Physical properties of glycerine             86

Table 4A:         Glycerine producer association standard for Glycerine recovery                                 121

Table 4B:         Estimation consumption of glycerol in various industries                                   122

Table 4C:         Order of increment of the amount of % glycerine in all the samples.                 124

Table 4D:         Standard deviation table for percentage (%) salt and percentage glycerine             127

DEFINITION OF TERM/NOMENCLATURE

%     =     Percentage

N/4 =     Quarter normal

Lbs =     Pounds

C.C =     Cubic centimeter

PZ   =     Paterson Zochonis

IEA =     International Equitable Association

KSI =


Thesis Abstract

The recovery of glycerine from spent soap lye has been done using soap lye samples obtained from the hot process of soap production using palm kernel oil (P.K.O). The main advantage of hot process is that exact concentration of the lye solution is not known, but to perform this with adequate success, the lye and fat are boiled together at 80 – 1000C at times above 1000C until saponification occurs. The overall weight of glycerine recovered per 100g of oil used was 9.0g. The quantity of spent soap lye obtained was 250ml, Acid value was 555.39, percentage free acid value was 5.6%, total fatty acid = 7.131, percentage free caustic acid = 0.14%, percentage free fatty acid obtained was 0.07131%, the specific gravity was 1.059, purity of glycerine was 92%. These parameters obtained were measured relatively to international standards with negligible error due to the type of equipment used. From the result, it is evident that the amount of glycerine recovered depends largely on the quantity of spent soap lye. Other processes the spend soap lye and the glycerine undergo as may be seen in other chapters includes, salting out, filtration, splitting and others.

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