<p> </p><p>

Chapter ONE

</p><p>1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Introduction</p><p>1.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preamble</p><p>1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Objective</p><p>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Scope of study</p><p>2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Literature Review</p><p>2.1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical composition of palm oil</p><p>2.1.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Carotenes</p><p>2.1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Phosphatides</p><p>2.1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Gums</p><p>2.1.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Compositions and standards of palm oil</p><p>2.2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Spoilage factors of palm oil</p><p>2.2.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Preventive measures</p><p>2.2.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Inhibitors</p><p>2.3.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Refining of creebe palm oil</p><p>2.3.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Degumming</p><p>2.3.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Neutralization</p><p>2.3.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching</p><p>2.3.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Deodorization</p><p>2.3.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical bleaching method</p><p>2.3.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Accretion bleaching</p><p>2.3.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching by adsorption</p><p>2.4.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Adsorption</p><p>2.4.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses of adsorption</p><p>2.5.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Physical adsorption</p><p>2.5.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemisorptions</p><p>2.6.0 &nbsp; Adsorbents</p><p>2.6.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bauxite</p><p>2.6.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Decolourising carbons</p><p>2.6.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Gas-adsorbent carbon</p><p>2.6.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Molecular screening activated carbon</p><p>2.6.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Synthetic polymeric adsorbents</p><p>2.6.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Silica Gel</p><p>2.6.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Alumna</p><p>2.6.8 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bone char.</p><p>2.7.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal</p><p>2.7.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Properties of charcoal</p><p>2.7.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Activated charcoal</p><p>2.7.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Methods of charcoal activation</p><p>2.7.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.7.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Chemical properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.7.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Physical properties of activated charcoal</p><p>2.7.7 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Uses of activated charcoal</p><p>

Chapter THREE

</p><p>3.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental method</p><p>3.1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Materials</p><p>3.1.1 &nbsp; Material treatment</p><p>3.2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal activation using acid</p><p>3.2.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Charcoal activation by heat treatment</p><p>3.3.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Degumming of Palm oil</p><p>3.3.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Neutralization</p><p>3.4.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Bleaching of palm oil</p><p>3.4.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental set-up</p><p>3.5.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Characterization of palm oil</p><p>3.5.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Specific gravity</p><p>3.5.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Iodine value</p><p>3.5.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Free fatty acid</p><p>3.5.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Saponification value</p><p>3.5.5 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Esterification value</p><p>3.5.6 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Process flow chart</p><p>

Chapter FOUR

</p><p>4.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Experimental result</p><p>4.1.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Effect of bleaching sample</p><p>4.2.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Effect of temperature on bleaching</p><p>4.3.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Colour observation at absorbance</p><p>4.4.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Concise table for characterization</p><p>

Chapter FIVE

</p><p>5.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Discussion</p><p>CHAPTER SIX</p><p>6.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Conclusion</p><p>CHAPTER SEVEN</p><p>7.0 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Recommendation</p><p>References</p><p>Table of nomenclature</p><p>Appendices</p> <br><p></p>