Thesis Abstract

<p>             <b>ABSTRACT</b><br></p><p> A noticeable potency of many species of plants present against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Bacterial resistance against antibiotics is consider one of the common problems in the medical world, so one of the most important steps in microbiological researches is to find a new antimicrobial compound with minimal side effects. So the aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel aqueous and organic solvent extracts on some medically important animal pathogens and to determine some phytochemical compounds to be recycled to added in animals ration. Hot and cold aqueous in addition to ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some medically important pathogens isolated from animals and poultry farms (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Bacillus cereus and Candida albicans) by agar well diffusion method. Both hot, cold aqueous and ethanol peel extracts showed high antibacterial and antifungal effect against the all examined pathogenic samples. Also, phytochemical compound of aqueous and ethanol peel extracts were determined, results of the chemical tests explain the extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponin compounds while glycosides not found. So it could be concluded that the Citrus sinensis (orange) peel extracts possess remarkable antibacterial activity against gram positive and gram negative bacteria in addition to its antifungal activity against Candida albicans and to be introduced as an alternative to chemical antimicrobial drugs, is required wider investigation also ecologically as recycling of fruits peel can be used as food additive in animal ration. Keywords Orange; Antimicrobial; Extract; Citrus sinensis; Fruits Peel <br></p>

Thesis Overview

<p> <b>1.0 INTRODUCTION</b></p><p><b>1.1 BACKGROUND STUDY&nbsp;</b></p><p>The main food source for some essential nutrients is fruits and vegetables and also includes a series of bioactive components, which might have multiple effects in the fields of health [1,2]. Fresh, in juices, and cider fruits are different forms of fruit consumption including orange. Orange as one of the family Rutaceae it is called botanically Citrus sinensis where it is known as tasty, juicy fruit. It has total global production about 120 million tons so it considered one of the most important and widely grown fruit crop and due to its tasty juice and medicinal value it has been cultivated widely in tropical and subtropical climates [3,4]. Orange peel extract has a lot of medicinal properties which have been reported just like against cancer, diuretic, stomachic, immuno – enhancing, colic, cormunative, upset stomach, tonic to digestive system, immune system and skin. It is also used to treat and prevent vitamin deficiencies, colds, flu, and scurvy and helping to fight viral and bacterial infections [3,5]. In addition to its antibacterial effect which also have been reported in the literature. As its potent antibacterial effect against Enteric pathogens that were reported by Mehmood., et al. (2015) [3,6]. Moreover what have been mentioned by Akdemir (2015) about its potent effectiveness against Klebsiella pneumonia [3,7].<br></p><p> Via literature search did not imply any studies investigating the effect of orange peel extract on animal disease pathogens. More over traditional herbal therapy can be a satisfying option where some of the pathological condition where the scientific drugs become crippled but demands an ample amount of research [8]. So the aim of this study is to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel aqueous and organic solvent extracts on some medically important animal pathogens and to determine some phytochemical compounds to be recycled to added in animals ration Collection of plant materials: Citrus sinensis (orange)used in this study were obtained from local market in Alquieiya, KSA, 2017. Materials and Methods Aqueous extraction: The dried plant peels were added to the boiled distilled and left to cool. Then were mixed by the blender and filtered to get clear aqueous extracts then, were kept at 4°C until to be used. But the hot aqueous extract has been prepared directly after boiling and filtration according to [9]. Solvent extract: 5g of dried plant peel was extracted with 10 ml of each solvent (Ethanol) kept for 24h. After that it was filtered using Whatman No.1 filter paper. The solvent was evaporated to make the final volume as 1/2 of the original according to [10]. Preparation of inoculums: From large animals and poultry farms on the outskirts of Cairo the inoculums (bacterial strains and fungi) were isolated. The strains of bacteria (Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Staphylococcus aureus) and fungi (C. albicans) were inoculated Sabouraud dextrose agar (SAB). (Purchased from Witan – Biolife Company produced by Jalil Medicals Company) and nutrient broth (Purchased from Witan – Biolife Company produced by Jalil Medicals Company) for overnight at 37°C for bacteria and 25°C for fungi according to [9]. Antimicrobial screening: The agar well diffusion method was used for the determination of antibacterial activity of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel aqueous extracts in addition to ethanol extract by using bacterial isolates taken from animals and poultry (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Bacillus cereus) and fungi (C. albicans) to evaluate its effects on the isolated bacteria. Bacterial isolate loopful growth was inoculated into nutrient broth incubated at 37° C for 18 hours. The dilution of bacterial suspensions with normal saline. Adjust the turbidity and compare with standard tube (McFarland number 0.5) to get a uniform suspension containing 1.5 × 108 CFU/ml. Muller- Hinton agar was inoculated with 0.1 ml of bacterial inoculum. Using cork borer, wells were made on the cultured media. The aqueous and solvent extracts were considered as the 50% concentration. Then, 0.1 ml of extracts were added to wells, then the plates left for 30 minutes in refrigerator at 4° C, thereafter, they were incubated at 37° C for 24 hrs. The activity of extracts was determined by measuring the diameter of inhibition zone in millimeter. All experiments were duplicated. Ciprofloxacin (10 µg) and penicillin (10 µg) used as positive control while distilled water (100 µg) used as negative control for antibacterial screening aqueous extract. Nystatin (10 µg) was used as positive control while distilled water (100 µg) used as negative control for antifungal screening. All chemicals used (Purchased from Witan – Biolife Company produced by Jalil Medicals Company) [9,11]. <br></p><p> <b>1.2.1&nbsp; PHYTOCHEMICAL TESTS</b></p><p>1. Tannins Test: A modified methods stated in [9,11] was used to be presented of tannins on the extracts, A few drops of Ferric chloride reagent were added for 3 ml of extract. A blue black color refereed to the present of tannins.&nbsp;</p><p>2. Alkaloids Test: A few drops of Marqus reagent (prepared from mixing 0.5 ml of Formaldehyde with 5 ml of concentration H2 SO4 ), added to the 5 ml of extract. Turbidity refereed to the present of alkaloids [9,12]. <br></p><p> 3. Saponins Test: 3 ml of extract was added to the 2 ml of Ferric chloride, a white residue to be formed as evidence to the present of Saponins [9,13].&nbsp;</p><p>4. Flavonoids Test: Flavonoids test were implement in conformity with [9,13]. 2 ml of extract mix with Alcoholic KOH (0.5 mol.), a yellow color as proofed to the present of Flavonoids.&nbsp;</p><p>5. Glycosides Test: 0.5g of grinded Citrus sinensis (orange) dried peel was dissolved in 2 ml of glacial acetic acid containing one drop of Ferric chloride solution, and then underlaid with 1 ml of concentration H2 SO4 . A brown ring indicated the present of Glycosides [9,14]. All chemicals used (Purchased from Witan – Biolife Company produced by Jalil Medicals Company).&nbsp;</p><p><b>1.3 RESULTS</b></p><p>The results given in table 1 indicate that the hot and cold aqueous in addition to ethanol extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) dried peel were evaluated for their antimicrobial activity against some medically important pathogens isolated from animals and poultry farms bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aerogenes, Bacillus cereus) and fungi (C. albicans) by agar well diffusion method. Both hot, cold aqueous and ethanol peel extracts showed high antibacterial and antifungal effect against the all examined pathogenic samples. Also, phytochemical compound of aqueous and ethanol peel extracts were determined, results of the chemical tests explain the extracts of Citrus sinensis (orange) peel contain alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponin compounds while glycosides not found as shown in table 2. <br></p>