The effect of inhaled cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid (vitamin c) on the body weight, organ weight and sex hormone in male wistar rats
Table Of Contents
Title
Page – – – – – – – – – – i
Declaration – – – – – – – – – – ii
Certification – – – – – – – – – – iii
Dedication – – – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgements – – – – – – – – – v
Table
of contents – – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – – xi
Chapter ONE
: INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background of Study – – – – – – – 1
1.2
Objective of Study- – – – – – – – – 4
1.3
Justification/Rationale for the Study- – – – – – 4
1.5 Significance
of the Study- – – – – – – 6
Chapter TWO
: LITERATURE
REVIEW
2.1
Cannabis Sativa Plant Description- – – – – – 6
2.1.1
Seedling:- – – – – – – – – – 7
2.1.2
Stem: – – – – – – – – – – 7
2.1.3
Leaves:- – – – – – – – – – 7
2.1.4
Buds or flowers on the cannabis plant:- – – – – 7
2.1.5
Smell of the cannabis plant, especially the leaves and flowers- – 8
2.1.6
Discovery and cultivation- – – – – – – 8
2.2 Scientific
Classification of Cannabis- – – – – – 9
2.2.1 Species of Marijuana– – – – – – – – 10
2.2.1.1
Cannabis sativa- – – – – – – – – 10
2.2.1.2 Cannabis
Indica- – – – – – – – 11
2.2.1.3 Cannabis
Ruderalis- – – – – – – – 12
2.3
Economic Importance of Marijuana- – – – – – 15
2.4
Constituents of Cannabis– – – – – – – – 17
2.4.1 Phytocannabinoids
— – – – – – – – 17
2.4.2 Classification- – – – – – – – – 18
2.4.3 Noncannabinoid-Type
Constituents- – – – – – 20
2.4.4 Hydrocarbons- – – – – – – – – 23
2.4.5 Nitrogen-Containing
Compounds – – – – 23
2.4.6 Carbohydrates- – – – – – – – – 24
2.4.7 Flavonoids- – – – – – – – – – 24
2.4.8 Fatty
Acids- – – – – – – – – – 25
2.4.9 Noncannabinoid
Phenols- – – – – – – 25
2.4.10 Other- – – – – – – – – – 26
2.4.11 Cannabinoid Receptor System- – – – – – 26
2.4.12 Cannabinoid 1 and 2 Receptors- – – – – – 27
2.5 Sex
Hormones and Its Synthesis- – – – – – 28
2.6 The
Protein Hormones- – – – – – – – 28
2.6.1 The
Gonadotropins- – – – – – – – 28
2.6.2 Luteinizing
Hormone (LH)- – – – – – – 29
2.6.3 Human
Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)- – – – – 30
2.6.4 Prolactin
(Prl)- – – – – – – – – 31
2.7 The
Steroid Hormones- – – – – – – – 32
2.7.1 Oestrogens- – – – – – – – – – 32
2.7.2 Oestradiol
(E2)- – – – – – – – – 32
2.7.3 Oestrone
(E1)- – – – – – – – – 33
2.7.4 Oestriol
(E3)- – – – – – – – – 33
2.7.5 Progesterone
(P4)- – – – – – – – – 34
2.7.6 Testosterone
(T)- – – – – – – – – 35
2.8 Cannabis
Effects- – – – – – – – – 35
2.8.1 Endocrine
effects – – – – – – – – 35
2.8.2 Hypothalamic Pituitary-Gonadal Axis – – – – – 35
2.9 Hpg Axis Effects In Males – – – – – – 37
2.9.1 Effects on Reproductive Hormones in Males – – – – 37
2.10 Effects on Prolactin – – – – – – – 39
2.10.1 Effects on other
Body Systems – – – – – 40
2.10.2 Vitamin C – – – – – – – – – 41
2.10.3 Biosynthesis and molecular structure of
vitamin C – – 43
2.10.4 Redox metabolism and antioxidant properties
of vitamin C- – 44
Thesis Abstract
AbstractThe use of cannabis sativa, commonly known as marijuana, for medicinal and recreational purposes has been on the rise globally. In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the potential health benefits and adverse effects associated with cannabis use. Additionally, ascorbic acid, or vitamin C, has been recognized for its antioxidant properties and various health benefits. This study aimed to investigate the effects of inhaled cannabis sativa and ascorbic acid on body weight, organ weight, and sex hormone levels in male Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups control, cannabis sativa, ascorbic acid, and combination (cannabis sativa with ascorbic acid). The rats in the cannabis sativa group were exposed to inhaled cannabis smoke for a specified duration, while the ascorbic acid group received a daily oral dose of vitamin C. The combination group received both treatments concurrently. The control group was not exposed to any treatment. Body weight measurements were recorded regularly throughout the study period. After the treatment period, the rats were euthanized, and their organs (liver, kidneys, and testes) were collected and weighed. Blood samples were also collected to assess serum levels of testosterone, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone (LH). The data were analyzed using appropriate statistical methods to determine any significant differences between the groups. The results indicated that rats exposed to inhaled cannabis sativa showed a decrease in body weight compared to the control group. Interestingly, the rats in the ascorbic acid group maintained their body weight, while those in the combination group showed a slight decrease similar to the cannabis sativa group. Organ weight measurements revealed no significant differences among the groups for liver and kidney weights. However, the testes weight was slightly reduced in the cannabis sativa group compared to the control group. Furthermore, analysis of sex hormone levels showed variations among the groups. The cannabis sativa group exhibited lower testosterone levels compared to the control group, while the rats in the ascorbic acid group had comparable testosterone levels to the controls. FSH and LH levels did not show significant differences between the groups. Overall, the findings suggest that inhaled cannabis sativa may have a negative impact on body weight and testosterone levels in male Wistar rats, while ascorbic acid supplementation appears to have a neutral effect. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and potential implications of these findings.
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