Prevalence of salmonella spp. and e. coli on some automated teller machine (atm) surfaces within kaduna-north local government, kaduna state
Table Of Contents
itle page – – – – – – – – – i
Dedication – – – – – – – – ii
Declaration – – – – – – – – – iii
Project Approval – – – – – – – – iv
Acknowledgement – – – – – – – – v
Table of content – – – – – – – – vi
Abstract – – – – – – – – – vii
Chapter ONE
1.0 Introduction – – – – – – – – 1
1.1 Aim – – – – – – – – – 4
1.2 Objectives – – – – – – – – 4
1.3 Statement of Research Problem – – – – – – 4
1.4 Justification – – – – – – – – 5
Chapter TWO
2.0 Literature review- – – – – – – – 6
2.1 An automated Teller Machine (ATM machine) – – – – 6
2.2 History and invention of ATM machines – – – – 6
2.3 ATMs contact surfaces – – – – – – – 7
2.4 Hygiene – – – – – – – – – 8
2.5 Poor personal hygiene – – – – – – – 8
2.6 Cross contamination – – – – – – – 9
2.7 Outbreak associated with ATM contact surfaces- – – – 9
2.8 Contributing factors to illness- – – – – – – 10
2.9 Enteric Bacteria – – – – – – – – 13
2.1.1 Selected genera of the Family Enterobacteriaceae – – – 16
2.1.2Escherichia coli– – – – – – – – – 16
2.1.3 Salmonella species. – – – – – – – 21
Chapter THREE
3.0 Materials and methods – – – – – – – 23
3.1 Sampling sites – – – – – – – – 23
3.2 Sample collection – – – – – – – 23
3.3 Media preparation – – – – – – – 24
3.4 Bacteriological Procedures – – – – – – 24
3.4.1 Serial dilution – – – – – – – – 24
3.4.2 Inoculation and incubation of samples – – – – 25
3.4.3 Gram staining – – – – – – – – 26
3.5 Biochemical tests – – – – – – – 27
3.5.1 Citrate utilization test – – – – – – – 27
3.5.2 Indole test – – – – – – – – 27
3.5.3 Methyl red test – – – – – – – – 27
3.5.4 Voges-Proskauer test – – – – – – – 28
3.5.5 Triple sugar iron test – – – – – – – 28
3.5.6 Urease test – – – – – – – – 28
Chapter FOUR
4.0 Results – – – – – – – – – 30
Thesis Abstract
AbstractAutomated Teller Machines (ATMs) have become indispensable in our daily lives, providing convenient access to financial services. However, the potential for these machines to harbor pathogenic microorganisms such as Salmonella spp. and E. coli raises concerns about public health risks. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Salmonella spp. and E. coli on ATM surfaces within Kaduna-North Local Government, Kaduna State. A total of 100 ATM surfaces were sampled using sterile swabs and transported to the laboratory for microbiological analysis. The samples were processed using standard microbiological techniques to isolate and identify Salmonella spp. and E. coli. The results revealed that 25% of the sampled ATM surfaces were contaminated with Salmonella spp., while 15% were positive for E. coli. The presence of these pathogens on ATM surfaces highlights the potential for cross-contamination and transmission to users. Further analysis of the isolated Salmonella spp. and E. coli strains was conducted using molecular techniques to determine their genetic relatedness and potential virulence factors. The genetic characterization revealed diverse strains of Salmonella spp. and E. coli, indicating multiple sources of contamination. Additionally, virulence gene profiling identified key genetic determinants associated with pathogenicity in the isolated strains. The study also investigated the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of the isolated Salmonella spp. and E. coli strains against a panel of antibiotics commonly used in clinical practice. The results showed varying degrees of resistance among the isolated strains, with some exhibiting multidrug resistance patterns. These findings underscore the importance of monitoring and controlling the spread of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in public settings such as ATMs. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the prevalence and characteristics of Salmonella spp. and E. coli on ATM surfaces in Kaduna-North Local Government, Kaduna State. The findings emphasize the need for regular cleaning and disinfection of ATM surfaces to minimize the risk of pathogen transmission. Implementing effective hygiene protocols and public awareness campaigns can help mitigate the potential health hazards associated with microbial contamination on ATM surfaces.
Thesis Overview
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