Thesis Abstract

Abstract
Anthropometric studies are crucial in understanding the variations in human populations, especially regarding cranial morphology. This study focuses on comparing cephalic indices between the Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups residing in Okada town, Edo State, Nigeria. The cephalic index is an important anthropometric measurement that reflects the skull shape and is influenced by genetic, environmental, and cultural factors. The Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups are two major tribes in Nigeria with distinct cultural and historical backgrounds. Despite living in close proximity in Okada town, there may be differences in cranial morphology between these groups due to genetic and environmental factors. Cephalic indices provide a quantitative measure to assess these differences and similarities in skull shapes between populations. This research aims to collect cranial measurements from individuals belonging to the Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups in Okada town. The measurements will include head length, head breadth, and cephalic index calculations. By comparing these cephalic indices between the two groups, we can determine if there are significant differences in skull shapes. Understanding the cephalic indices of the Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups in Okada town can provide valuable insights into the genetic and environmental influences on cranial morphology. This comparative analysis may reveal patterns of skull shape variations that are specific to each ethnic group or shared between them. The findings of this study can contribute to the existing knowledge of cranial morphology in Nigerian populations and may have implications for anthropological and forensic studies. By comparing cephalic indices between the Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups, we can enhance our understanding of the diversity and similarities in skull shapes within these populations. In conclusion, this research project on the anthropometric comparison of cephalic indices between the Yoruba and Benin ethnic groups residing in Okada town, Edo State, Nigeria, aims to provide valuable insights into cranial morphology variations in these populations. By analyzing cephalic indices, we can explore the genetic and environmental factors influencing skull shapes and contribute to the broader understanding of human diversity.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTION

BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Anthropometry deals with the measurement of physical sizes and shapes of human body (D. Poswillo, 1963). In differentiating people of different ethnic backgrounds, nutritional status, and gender, according to G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav, 2004, anthropometric data seems to be useful. Several measurable anthropometric parameters or variables have been developed over the years for establishing possible differences amongst different groups (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav., 2004).

According to G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav (2004), S. W. Lobo, T. S. Chandrashekhar, and S. Kumar (2005), M.J.Golalipour (2006), Cephalic index is one of such very useful measurable anthropometric variables used in physical anthropology to determine geographical gender, age, and racial and ethnic variations. They proved that comparison of changes in cephalic index between parents, offspring, and siblings gives clues to genetic transmission of inherited characters or traits which play a role in forensic science. Argyropoulos and Sassouni(1989) showed that morphological features of different races and ethnic groups are not randomly distributed but appear in geographic clusters. Arguably, Cephalometry continues to be the most versatile technique in the investigation of the craniofacial skeleton because of its validity and practicality (G. T. McIntyre and P. A. Mossey, 2003). Cephalometry is associated with the morphological study of all the structures present in the human head. Cephalometry is the scientific measurement of the dimensions of the head usually through the use of standardized lateral skull radiographs (I. EI-Feghi et al, 2004). Based on the above factors, anthropometric studies are conducted on the age, sex, and social or ethnic groups in certain geographical zones (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav, [2004], P. Williams et al, [2003], M.J.Golalipour et al, [2003], M.J.Golalipour et al, [2005], B. C. Didia and D. V. Dapper, [2005], S. H. Garba, [2008], H. B. Fawehinmi and A. M. Eroje, [2009], O. Joy et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2013]). Several studies have been conducted on the age,sex,and racial or ethnic groups in different geographical zones (O. Joy et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2009], G. S. Oladipo et al, [2013], I. P. Singh and N. K. Bharin, [1968], E. A. Osunwoke et al, [2012]).These authors have sited various categories of cranium on the basis of head length, breadth, and index and described seven groups of crania. R. F. Okupe et al. (1984), in a comparative study of bi parietal diameter (BPD) fetuses of some of the Nigerian ethnic groups and Caucasians, showed statistically significant differences until near term when the Nigerian fetuses showed consistently longer BPD. Cussenot et al. (1990) reported that skeletal measurements were made as the basis of foetal anthropometry and age determination. In a related study, cephalic index varied with advancing gestational age with the highest and lowest being 81.5 and 78.0 at weeks 14 and 28, respectively (D. L. Gray, 1989).

Several studies have been carried out to classify head shapes based on cephalic index into four internationally acceptable categories that include dolicocephalic (<74.9), mesocephalic (75–79.9), brachycephalic (80.0–84.9), and hyperbrachycephalic (85.0–89.9) (P. Williams et al, [2003], M. Del Sol, [2005]). A study has shown that the people of Gurung community of Nepal of India are brachycephalic with cephalic index of 80.42 (G. V. Shah and H. R. Jahhav 2004). Bhils and Barelas are mesocephalic (76.98 & 79.80) (I. Bhargava and G. A. Kher, [1960], I. Bhargava and G. A. Kher[1961]). The Iranian people are predominantly brachycephalic and hyper brachycephalic (M.J.Golalipour, 2006). Besides being a predictor of fetal death, early trans-vaginal measurement of cephalic index had been used for the determination of Down syndrome foetuses (P. Rosati and L. Guariglia 1999). The first classification based on cranial morphology is attributed to the professor of anatomy Anders Retzius (1840).