Thesis Abstract

Abstract
The poultry industry in Nigeria plays a significant role in the agricultural sector and the economy as a whole. However, various factors such as fluctuations in prices of inputs like feed, vaccines, and equipment can significantly impact poultry production. This research aims to investigate the influence of an increase in prices on poultry production in Nigeria. Price changes have a direct effect on production costs, profitability, and ultimately the sustainability of poultry farms. In Nigeria, the poultry industry is predominantly made up of small to medium-scale farmers who may be particularly vulnerable to price increases due to limited resources and access to credit. The study will examine how these farmers adjust their production practices in response to rising prices, whether through changes in feed formulation, production volume, or marketing strategies. Moreover, the research will explore the impact of price increases on consumer demand for poultry products. As prices rise, consumers may shift their preferences to alternative protein sources, affecting the market dynamics for poultry products. Understanding these demand-side effects is crucial for poultry farmers and policymakers in developing strategies to mitigate the negative consequences of price increases. In addition to economic factors, the study will also consider the broader implications of price increases on the welfare of poultry farmers and their communities. Higher production costs may lead to reduced incomes for farmers, affecting their livelihoods and overall well-being. Furthermore, challenges in the poultry sector can have ripple effects on related industries such as feed suppliers, transportation services, and veterinary clinics. To address these research objectives, a mixed-methods approach will be employed, combining surveys, interviews, and data analysis. By gathering both quantitative and qualitative data, the study aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the dynamics between price increases and poultry production in Nigeria. Findings from this research can inform policymakers, industry stakeholders, and farmers on potential strategies to enhance the resilience and sustainability of the poultry sector in the face of price fluctuations. In conclusion, this study will contribute valuable insights into the influence of price increases on poultry production in Nigeria, shedding light on the challenges faced by farmers and the broader implications for the economy and society. By identifying key drivers and responses to price changes, the research aims to support evidence-based decision-making and promote the long-term growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria.

Thesis Overview

INTRODUCTION

Poultry are the smallest livestock investment a village household can make. Yet the poverty stricken farmer needs credit assistance even to manage this first investment step on the ladder out of poverty. Poultry keeping is traditionally the role of women in many developing countries. Female-headed households represent 20 to 30 percent of all rural households in Bangladesh (Saleque, 1999), and women are more disadvantaged in terms of options for income generation. In sub-Saharan Africa, 85 percent of all households keep poultry, with women owning 70 percent of the poultry. (Guéye, 1998 and Branckaert, 1999, citing World Poultry 14). Income generation is the primary goal of family poultry keeping. Eggs can provide a regular, albeit small, income while the sale of live birds provides a more flexible source of cash as required. For example, in the Dominican Republic, family poultry contributes 13 percent of the income from animal production (Rauen et al., 1990). The importance of poultry to rural households is illustrated by the example below from the United Republic of Tanzania. Assuming an indigenous hen lays 30 eggs per year, of which 50 percent are consumed and the remainder has a hatchability of 80 percent, then each hen will produce 12 chicks per year.

2.2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

One of the key pillars on which the neoclassical theory of the firm stands is the assumption of profit maximization. It is a simple but controversial assumption that states that the objective of the firm is wholly and single-mindedly the maximization of profit. Many adherents of profit maximization have advanced a lot of arguments in support of their position. These include one based on the realism and predictive value of the assumption of profit maximization itself and the other based on a supposedly long-run survivalist instinct of the firm. But there are three types of factors, which may militate against a firm achieving maximum profit (Olayemi, 2004). They are:

(i) Uncertainty and lack of information needed for rational decision making;

(ii) The pursuit of multiple objectives by the firm of which profit earning may be only one of them;

(iii) Restraint imposed on the single-minded pursuit of profit maximization by such other considerations as the prevention of potential entry of new firms as competitors, the long-term survival of the firm and self-preservation of the top management of the firm, which short-run profit maximization alone, would not guarantee. The issue of profit maximization is, therefore, not about whether the simple types of firms envisaged in traditional theory do strive to earn the highest profit achievable, given real-life uncertainty, inadequate information and other constraints, or whether they behave as if they maximize profit, but rather about achieving a minimum satisfactory profit since firms can survive, even over the long period, without maximizing profit, if there are adequate barriers against actual entry or threat of new entry of firms in the forms of, say, limit-pricing, government legislation, product differentiation, absolute cost advantage, large initial capital requirement for entry, and large economies of scale.

Origin and Domestication of Chicken

Nigeria is a country with heavy human population and this population is continuously on the rise. This increase had lead to the high demand for the available animal and poultry products in all parts of the country. Among the cheapest and highly affordable protein source for this teeming population is mainly the poultry products. Poultry, particularly chickens are very important and has been recognised as an important genetic resource among the avian species (Olowofeso et al., 2005). Genetic evidence confirms that chickens are derived from multiple maternal origins in Asia (Liu et al., 2006). Chickens are the most widely distributed of all livestock species in Nigeria with a population of 166 million birds (FAOSTAT, 2007). Chickens play very significant socio-cultural and economic roles in most African societies. Quantifying the structure of genetic diversity in different African chicken populations is of significance in optimizing conservation and utilization strategies. The description of Nigerian local chickens is based on phenotypic traits (Nwosu et al., 1985; Adebambo et al., 1999). Such information if complemented with findings obtained using molecular markers could be useful in formulating long term inference or plans for genetic improvement programs. A detail genetic study of chicken populations in Nigeria is therefore imperative so as to integrate the resource into the poultry sector. The genetic variations of the chicken populations in the country need investigation so as to identify populations of particular merit.