Thesis Abstract

<p>                  <b>ABSTRACT</b><br></p><p> This research work examined the various uses of the high sea and sea beds, the various activities that are carried out in these maritime environments, the bodies and agencies that are responsible for implementing the related maritime laws and policies as it affect the global trades, and hence, produce a formal judgment on how these uses have benefited the maritime administration. This work further surveyed the High Sea and how maritime administration has influenced its activities positively and negatively, in line with different types of vessels for high sea transportation, Trades and related maritime investment, laws and treaties formulated for protection of maritime environments. It finally analyzes the local content with the international benchmark by &nbsp; carrying out survey using the Nigerian High Sea concession area (Atlantic Ocean) and maritime zones under international laws that are relevant to the research population. The researcher &nbsp; conducted a GPS analysis on multinational oil wells for CHEVERON, SHELL, ENI (AGIP), and MOBIL at their different oil tank farms. A field research was made on the satellite well and platform for oil export. Manifolding model was proposed for oil drilling and export. With an analysis based on the findings, it was empirically found that there exist about 92% profit margin and an added reduction in overall environmental pollution if this proposal is adopted. &nbsp; <br></p>

Thesis Overview

<p> </p><p><strong>1.0 INTRODUCTION</strong></p><p><strong>1.1 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Background of the Study</strong></p><p><strong>International perspective</strong></p><p>Since 1688, few ships and their Naval Architectural pattern led the Lloyd’s of London to form classification societies. The first register, printed in 1764 and for use in year 1764-1766, was published in order to give both underwriter and merchant an idea of the condition of vessel they either owned, insured or chartered.</p><p>In years that followed, insurance brokers and services of ship survey came upstream to arrest the situation of poorly maintained and badly operated vessels and to also contend with the situation of cargo losses.</p><p>In this modern age, the quest for economic growth, balance of trade indices and vast undersea oil discoveries had led maritime nations and other private practitioner into capital intensive venture such as:</p><p>Maritime transport, ship brokering cruse ship supply, dry-docking offshore minerals exploration, tanker operations oil and gas productions, seafarers training, trawler fishing activities, freight forwarding, sea environmental pollution control, import and export management, maritime safety and security services etc.</p><p>In order to ensure convenience, safety, secured economy and profit maximization of the above ventures, there is great need for activity definition and jurisdiction agreement within the comity of Maritime states[2]. It is on this note that several initiatives including those of the International Maritime Organization (IMO), the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), the European Union Naval forces (EUNAVFOR) and the international oil pollution and compensation fund committee in their combined effort has brought about several United Nation Convention on the law of the sea (UNCLOS) and encourage all safety of life at sea (SOLAS) contracting government to participate in long range identification and tracking (LRIT) of flag state and non- flag state vessel, for safer and unified maritime administration.</p><p>Most importantly, the periodic evolution from the (IMO) conventions, Hamburg rule on carriage regime, Rotterdam rule on carriage of wholly or partly by sea, the United States Congress act of 1972 on ocean dumping, the 1972/1974 Oslo and Paris conventions on international treaty on the controlling of marine pollution etc, had all served as legal benchmarks, operations standards and principles that had guided maritime operations.</p><p>The uses of different high seas of the world like: the Mediterranean sea, the Caribbean sea, the South China sea, Gulf of Mexico, Gulf of Guinea, the Baltic sea, the Persian gulf, and the wider Indian waters; together with their geometric defined seabed has existed since the beginning of ages. On the other hand the significant administrative laws, the legislative bills and policies, the convention acts and treaties; for the safe voyage in these maritime communities has not ceased to evolve.</p><p>The high sea is a body of saline water (generally a division of world ocean) partly or fully enclosed by land. The seabed which naturally defines the underwater geometry of the planet’s hydrosphere is the land found at the bottom of this sea[5] from the earliest starting point of history, sea and seabed have different naturally and territorial characteristics that determine their uses, this includes:</p><ol><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sea surface area and dept.</li><li>Sea channel draft and shape.</li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Subsea geological formation and mineral formations.</li><li>Seabed textures and porosity &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sea location and freezing components</li><li>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Sea boarders’ vulnerability to terror and privacy</li><li>Law of the sea and concessional agreements</li></ol><p><strong>1.2 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Statement of Problems</strong></p><p>The use of high sea and seabed in Maritime Administration in Nigeria context is experiencing series of problem due to the &nbsp; presence of Niger delta militants and governments age long neglect of these oil rich zones. At different ocean and high sea, arises different temperatures and climate condition abounds. And these &nbsp;have &nbsp;multiplier effects of ocean acidification which has direct negative impact on high sea vessels and other seabed. The offshore structures even in these unavoidable problems are consistently deployed with inadequate shipping management skills and complete lack of administrative competence due to knowledge gap and political stagnation. Continued bottlenecks exists in Maritime Administration as a result of global policies as a well as institutional changes in legislative laws as regards the use of the high sea, Impact of liberalization by the United Nation Commission On Trade and Development (UNCTAD) has some strategies that remained unclear at different stages of its implementation. This has impacted negatively to maritime administration on national regimes. The persistence of this problem was the issue that led to the 40: 40: 20 ratios. It was indeed this concept that crushed the NNSL (Nigeria National Shipping Line). Many maritime infrastructural facilities which serve as derived demand with the high sea and sea bed for water transportation; is hit by decadence, dilapidation and poor maintenance culture. The problems of embezzlement and financial crime are always at the forefront when holistic correction of this defect is initiated. These appalling situations in itself have negatively affected maritime administration. The peculiarity and distinct nature of high sea mode of transport, saddled with modern technological innovations in the building of some factor services, has proven that the Nigerian government has not done what is needed to support this sector when contrasted with their partners in the far-east, western world, and other sub-continents, this problem has sabotaged the maritime administrative agency from attaining to the needed bench mark as kept by the international maritime organization (IMO).</p><p><b>1.3 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Research Questions</b></p><p><strong>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; </strong>The following research questions will be addressed in the study.</p><ol><li>What categories of high sea and sea beds and the activities undertaken there in, have influenced maritime administration positively and negatively?</li><li>To what extent has the use of high sea and seabed been evaluated with a view to determining their contribution to maritime administration?</li></ol><p><strong>1.4 &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Scope of the Study</strong></p><p>The area of this work is within the Nigerian high sea-Atlantic ocean as it affects the Maritime administration in Nigeria.</p> <br> <br><p></p>