THE STRUCTURE AND IMPORTANCE OF THE COMMERCIAL AND VILLAGE BASED POULTRY INDUSTRY IN NIGERIA
Table Of Contents
CONTENTS
CONTENTS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------i
LIST OF TABLES---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------iv
LIST OF FIGURES------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS------------------------------------------------------------------------------------vi
Chapter ONE
1 1. INTRODUCTION---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.1 Background Information-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.2 Scope of Study-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1
1.3 Data sources, Approach of Analysis---------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.4 Limitation and Constraints---------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
1.5 Layout of Report---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------2
Chapter TWO
2. OVERVIEW OF POULTRY PRODUCTION IN NIGERIA------------------------------------------4
2.1 Preamble------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.2 Description of Main Characteristics-------------------------------------------------------------------4
2.2.1 Structure Commercial Poultry in Nigeria----------------------------------------------------------6
A. Production Capacity (Pre-HPAI)---------------------------------------------------------------7
B. Housing and Husbandry Practices-----------------------------------------------------------7
C. Hatchery Capacity-------------------------------------------------------------------------------8
D. Disease control and poultry health----------------------------------------------------------8
E. Poultry Products-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------10
F. The Number and Spread Sectors 2 and 3 Operators------------------------------------12
2.2.2 Backyard and Rural Poultry Sector 4-------------------------------------------------------------13
A. Preamble----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13
B. Husbandry Practices-------------------------------------------------------------------------14
C. Trends in growth-------------------------------------------------------------------------------17
D. Diseases Losses and Health----------------------------------------------------------------19
E. Productivity and Flock Profile----------------------------------------------------------------20
2.3 Size of the Poultry (Livestock) Sub-sector------------------------------------------------------------20
A. Backyard Poultry-----------------------------------------------------------------------------21
B. Commercial Poultry--------------------------------------------------------------------------27
Chapter THREE
3 .POULTRY HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY----------------------------------------------------------31
3.1. Taste and Preferences------------------------------------------------------------------------------------31
3.2. National and Household Expenditure ----------------------------------------------------------------32
3.2.1 Local Production from Commercial Poultry--------------------------------------------------------32
3.2.2 Imports of Poultry Products----------------------------------------------------------------------------33
3.2.3 Stocks Slaughtered By Households for Consumption------------------------------------------33
Chapter FOUR
4. .MARKETING OF POULTRY INPUTS AND PRODUCTS-----------------------------------------36
4.1 Poultry Inputs--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
4.1.1 Feed-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------36
4.1.2 Drugs, Supplements and Vaccines--------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.1.3 Housing--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------38
4.2 Poultry Products------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
4.2.1 Products Distribution-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------39
4.2.2 Products Pricing and Prices-------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.2.3 Slaughtering and Processing------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.2.4 Transportation of Products--------------------------------------------------------------------------------42
4.3 Marketing of Products from Rural Poultry--------------------------------------------------------------42
4.4 Regional (Inter-State) Trade in Poultry Products---------------------------------------------------43
Chapter FIVE
5. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT PROGRAMME TO THE POULTRY SECTOR -------------------44
5.1 Historical Background and Transition to the Current Status---------------------------------------44
5.2. The Thrust and Examples of FGN Support Programmes------------------------------------------45
5.2.1 General Policies on Livestock and Meat/Dairy Policies-------------------------------------------45
5.2.2 Poultry Production Policy---------------------------------------------------------------------------------45
5.3 Support Policies------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
5.3.1 Price support Policies-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
5.3.2 Methods of implementing producer price support schemes-------------------------------------48
5.3.3 Non-Price measures--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------48
5.3.4 Consumption Patterns and Policy--------------------------------------------------------------------48
5.3.5 International Trade Policies----------------------------------------------------------------------------48
5.4 Developments in International Technical Assistance-----------------------------------------------49
5.5 Pilot Vaccination Programme of Rural Poultry Against Newcastle Disease.--------------------49
5.6 The Millennium Development Goal Project of Federal Ministry of Agriculture-----------------49
5.7 Presidential Initiative on Livestock------------------------------------------------------------------------50
5.7.1 Background--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
5.7.2 Targets--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------50
5.7.3. Funds Requirement and Funding---------------------------------------------------------------------52
5.7.4 Implementation--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------52
CHAPTER SIX
6. OFFICIAL REGULATIONS AND INTERVANTIONS IN POULTRY HEALTH (IN PARTICULAR AVIAN INFLUENZA MEASURES.) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------54
6.1 The Animal Diseases (Control) Decree-------------------------------------------------------------54
6.1.1 Technical Overview of the Decree----------------------------------------------------------------54
6.2. Management of Avian Influenza Outbreak in Nigeria.------------------------------------------55
6.2.1 Pre-epidemic Background in Nigeria--------------------------------------------------------------55
6.2.2 Preparedness Plans in Nigeria---------------------------------------------------------------------55
6.2.3 Poultry Sector and Public Reactions-------------------------------------------------------------56
6.2.4 Aspects of Bird Flu Emergency & Management Responses in Nigeria.-----------------57
6.2.5 Current Status and Trends in Flu Outbreaks---------------------------------------------------57
6.2. 6 Compensation Programme-----------------------------------------------------------------------58
6.2.7 International Support-------------------------------------------------------------------------------59
6.2.8 Implications of AI in Nigeria for the Rural Poultry Sector and its Genetic Base -----60
6.2.9 Slaughtering for a the Stamping-out of AI------------------------------------------------------60
6.2.10 Implications for the Rural Poultry structure and Genetic base ---------------------------61
CHAPTER SEVEN
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY OF RECENT PUBLICATIONS----------------------------------------------------62
CHAPTER EIGHT--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS-------------------------------------------------63
8.1 Conclusions--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
8.2 Recommendations----------------------------------------------------------------------------------63
MAJOR REFERENCES CITED
65 APPENDICES
Thesis Abstract
AbstractThe poultry industry in Nigeria plays a significant role in the economy, providing a source of livelihood for many people, especially in rural areas. This research aims to explore the structure and importance of both the commercial and village-based poultry industry in Nigeria. The commercial poultry industry in Nigeria is characterized by large-scale production units that focus on producing poultry products for the urban markets. These commercial operations often involve intensive production systems, utilizing modern technology and management practices to maximize efficiency and output. The commercial poultry industry contributes significantly to the overall poultry production in the country and plays a crucial role in meeting the increasing demand for poultry products driven by population growth and changing consumer preferences. On the other hand, the village-based poultry industry in Nigeria represents a more traditional form of poultry production that is prevalent in rural areas. This sector is typically characterized by small-scale production units, often run by individual households or small groups of farmers. Village-based poultry production plays a vital role in the livelihoods of rural communities, providing a source of income and nutrition for many households. Additionally, village-based poultry production often serves as a safety net for farmers during times of economic hardship or crop failure. Both the commercial and village-based poultry industries face various challenges that impact their operations and overall contribution to the economy. These challenges include disease outbreaks, inadequate infrastructure, high production costs, limited access to finance and markets, as well as issues related to policy and regulatory frameworks. Addressing these challenges is crucial to ensuring the sustainability and growth of the poultry industry in Nigeria. In conclusion, the poultry industry in Nigeria is diverse, encompassing both commercial and village-based production systems that play complementary roles in meeting the country's demand for poultry products. Understanding the structure and importance of these two sectors is essential for developing targeted interventions and policies that can support the growth and sustainability of the poultry industry, ultimately benefiting both producers and consumers alike.
Thesis Overview
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Agriculture continues to be the most important sector of the Nigerian economy in terms of provision of employment in spite of its declining contribution to the nations foreign exchange earnings. About 65% of Nigerians are estimated to depend on agriculture for their livelihood while 34.8% of the GDP and over 38% of the non-oil foreign exchange earnings, are contributed by the agricultural sector. Agricultural contributed an estimated 32% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in 1998 to the Nigerian economy. An estimated 35.2% of the labour force was employed in the sector in that year. The principal cash crops are cocoa (which accounted for only 0.7% of total merchandise exports in 1995), rubber and oil palm. Staple foods include rice, maize, taro, yams, cassava, sorghum and millet. Timber production, the raising of livestock (principally goats, sheep, cattle and poultry), and artisanal fisheries are also important. According to World Bank estimates, agricultural GDP increased at an annual rate of 2.9% in 1990-98. The sector remains the largest contributor to the Nigerian economy, accounting for over 38% of the non-oil foreign exchange earnings, and employing about 70% of the active labour force of the population. Although, the sector has suffered much neglect by the Federal Government since the discovery of petroleum in commercial quantity in 1958, but its importance cannot be over emphasized in the Nigerian economy. The poultry sub-sector is the most commercialised (capitalised) of all the sub-sectors of the Nigeria’s agriculture. There is however no comprehensive data on the sub-sector; thus making proactive intervention and planning in the sub-sector due to lack of accurate information or current data. With the global spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) across several countries since 2003 and especially, the confirmation of the epidemic in Nigeria in February 2006, there is a new attention focussed on the sub-sector by the Government of Nigeria (GoN) and the international community. As part of this new initiative, FAO intends to collate the available current information in order to provide an overview of the poultry sub-sector in Nigeria. This report titled “The Structure and Importance of the Commercial and Village Based Poultry Industry in Nigeria” is prepared for this purpose.
1.2 SCOPE OF STUDY AND TERMS OF REFERENCE
This study was designed to be a desk review of the poultry sector in Nigeria. It was to be used for further investigation on, either the epidemiology of Avian Influenza and/or other poultry diseases and their socio-economic impact. The report emanating from the study, based on statistical data, reports, literature information and interviews with key 2 stakeholders, is to provide a 5-year overview of developments in the poultry sector. It includes a review of the structure of different poultry production systems; husbandry practices, poultry health measures; evolving marketing chains; the role of poultry in rural livelihoods and household food security, and policy/economic factors which have contributed to changes in the sector. The detailed terms of reference is presented in Appendix 1
1.3 DATA SOURCES, COLLECTION APPROACH AND ANALYSIS
The data for this study were collected mostly from secondary sources. The sources include: Federal Livestock and Pest Control Department, National Bureau of Statistics, Poultry agro-industrial entities, selected or representative rural poultry keeping households, as well as institutional sources of published and unpublished documents, etc. Data collection was guided with checklists of information that were designed to elicit information to meet the terms of reference. In selected cases, complementary data were actively sourced through interviews with stakeholders. The data analyses were both qualitative and quantitative. Quantitative analysis and extrapolations were carried out wherever possible to provide information on the structure and size of the operations in the poultry sub-sector.
1.4 LIMITATIONS AND CONSTRAINTS
The major limitation is paucity and in some cases, the accuracy of information, which can provide a comprehensive overview of the poultry sub-sector. The Federal Livestock and Pests Control Department has not carried out any nation-wide survey of the sub-sector in recent years. The National Bureau of Statistics, until 2005, had not conducted any survey on the sector for several years. In addition, the year-2005 survey, which covered the subsector and is still being processed, has significant gaps arising from lack of appropriate inputs from poultry subject matter experts and socio-economists. Thus as much as possible, proxy variables were used to obtain indicative quantitative overview of the subsector. It therefore became crucial to cross-integrate data from other related sources to achieve improved accuracy. These were also combined with information obtained from experts and operators in the sub-sector to develop this report. Nigeria is a very extensive country which demands equally extensive travels to reach data sources. The lack of e-data sources further compelled physical contacts directly or through proxies in the diverse and country-wide locations. In spite of these, this exercise has generated very considerable data and yielded a very good and full overview of the poultry sub-sector. In the report wherever necessary, the specific data requirements for the future are highlighted and suggestions or justifications are made to guide such future contingencies.
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